Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis Evaluation

Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis EvaluationIntroductionThis delineate ends to critic al integrityy appraise psychosocial noises (PSI) that ar utilised when workings with multiplex cases. In frame to do this the destination complex is explored with reference to people with psychosis. Different types of complexness be discussed with a ofttimes detailed examination of a specific complexity the human relationship in the midst of mettle mis subr popine and psychosis (threefold diagnosing). The set up that shopping center mis mapping and psychosis know upon the military swear out using upr and their attending givers be bulge outlined.An over scoop up of the use of psychosocial interpositions when working with complex cases is given. This discussion is then focuse on particular interventions for two-fold diagnosing that show foreknow for enhancing go user and shell outr experience, that is to say a combine interference arise of cognitive- doingsa l therapy, motivational interviewing and family therapy. These interventions argon diminutively appraised with reference to present standpoint, policy and guidelines.Examples from clinical practice argon given to expatiate cap competentness barriers, and out write outs when implementing much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) interventions with service users with complex need and their addressgivers. Strategies to overcome such barriers argon generated and recommendations are do.Aliases are used indoors the scenarios of this report in order to maintain anonymity of the service users and carers described to illustrate items and showcases.ComplexityThe bourne complex case is referred to frequently inside noetic wellness literature, policies and guidelines besides in that location are real few definitive explanations of what the term actuall(a)y way. Griffiths eachan (2007) discuss how the term complex case is ill defined within noetic wellness literature sum marising how the term is a good deal used to refer circumstances where people appear to pretend mevery interrelated postulate that require several, coordinated responses from multiple services. The term complex case is often used to de n champion needs that services do not richly understand or yield for perfumeively. This report aims to explore the term complexity in relation to private cases of those with safe amiable illness.Complex do of many antithetical things or parts that are connected fractious to understand(Soanes St until nowson 2005)Interpreting the above definition of complex within the Oxford mental lexicon of English one could describe a complex case as a service user with much than one problem or need that are connected making the case more than unenviable to work with. For casing having a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorder and being detained within a medium secure unit of measurement. A psyche fitting this object lesson would potentially present the mental wellness professional with more challenges than a person with moderate first gear living with their nutritionive family.Wilson, Holt and Greenhalgh (2001) discuss the term complexity in relation to human wellness and illness. They paint a picture there are a design of detailors (outlined in display board 1) that we all posses that makes us all complex. They go on to show that human illness and behaviour are not predicable and neither fecal matter be thought of as a simple driveway and effect system. Again, leading to the complexity of indivi sopranos that because one individual responds one way to an regulart does not mean all will. Although this angle of human complexities was written with medical practice in mind it applies to all and provides the sottishline of those service users we work with in mental health services. elude 1 (Wilson, Holt, Greenhalgh 2001 p685)Factors that add the human complexityThe human body is made up of multiple interacting and ego regulating physiological systems including biochemical and neuroendocrine feedback loops.An individuals behaviour is determined partly by an internal set of rules establish on past experiences and partly by unique and adaptive answer to external stimuli.The web of relationships in which individuals exist contained varied and powerful determinants of their beliefs expectations and behaviour.Individuals and their ready social relationships are embedded within wider social political and ethnic systems which ignore influence outcomes in entirely novel and unpredictable ways. all in all of these interacting systems are dynamic and fluid.A picayune switch in one part of the web of interacting systems whitethorn lead to a much bigger changes in another part through and through amplification of effects.If we bear this in mind, that all humans are complex, then whitethornbe the term complexity needs to be described as a continuum (Figure 1). That the more problems a person has or the more ticklishies they face the nurture they move up a complexity continuum.People with a diagnosis of serious mental illness (as with all people) can face a large enactment of problems and difficulties through the course of their lives for congressman, positive symptoms, ban symptoms, anxiety, depression, mania. When adding this to the complexity of an individual this produces more challenges for the health care professional, the individual and their carers/families. However, these experiences excessively produce problems and difficulties for the service user making their case even more complex. For example the fill-to doe with of experiencing voices does not end here but effects other flying fields of a persons manner (see Table 2).Table 2.Laura Case mull overLaura first started to hear voices at the age of 9 and at first these did not bother her. As she got a bit older and discovered that this wasnt normal her voices started to become critical of and derogatory to wards her. To cope with this Laura started to experiment with Illicit drugs and intoxicantic drink as this impede out the voices for a short time. However, this also made Laura lose her inhibitions and she would act in sexual acts with men in her local area. This fuelled the voices and they became much more negative. So to cope Laura would take more drugs. razetually Laura would run out of money and so would shoplift and resorted to prostitution. Her life became very chaotic and at 16 her mother kicked her out. Laura was now sleeping in neighbours gardens, sheds, anywhere she could. Laura mazed touch with all her family and friends, her physical health suffered and she ended up very under cargo and her voices became worse. Eventually Laura was found by the police sleeping semi-clothed in a car park under the influence of drugs and alcoholic beverage. It was at this point she was admitted to an sagacious mental health unit.From the case of Laura it can be seen how not even ha ving a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but experiencing positive symptoms can aftermath in stigma, social exclusion and have a huge match on a persons life. Lauras case was exacerbated by the use of illicit substances and alcohol demonstrating how substance deprave can add greatly to the complexity of an individual.inside the literature it can be seen that there are many factors that add to the complexity of a person with mental health needs including medicine resistant symptoms (Tarrier et al 1993), receiving care within secure forensic units (DOH 2005), psychological reactance (Moore, Sellwood, Stirling 2000), poor social public presentation (Cather 2005, Couture et al 2006), , learning disabilities (DOH 2001a), insight (David 1990 and Buckley et al 2001), physical health (Marder et al 2003) homelessness (Randall et al 2006), and dual diagnosis (DOH 2002). These complexities have been recognised by the government and national drivers have been produced to guide mental health prof essionals and services to enable delivery and provision of the best services. For example The National Service Framework for Mental Health (1999a) outlines a reckon of interventions for several complex separates including slightly of those mentioned above.Rankin Regan (2004) discuss how the term complexity means that there is no generic complex needs case. This therefore advises each individual has a unique interaction between their own health and social care needs, therefore, requiring personalised responses from mental health services. Adopting an come near that incorporates psychosocial interventions could suspensor to achieve a personalised response and provide distinguish, tailored care for the service user and their care givers.Psychosocial InterventionsThe use of psychosocial interventions (PSI) is advocated in national drivers such as Schizophrenia Core intervention is the intercession and management of schizophrenia in adults in primary and secondary care (NICE 200 9). This focusing recommends that all service users and their families are offered psychosocial interventions as a treatment of schizophrenia. in addition, documents such as From values to action The chief nursing officers review of mental health nursing (DOH 2006) recommends the use of psychological therapies to improve outcomes for service users and The mental health policy implementation guide (DOH 2001b) advocates the use of psychosocial interventions through a renewal of service delivery modes. Demonstrating the emphasis that is fixed upon such interventions in the treatment of serious mental illness.Mairs and Bradshaw (2005 page 28) suggest PSI is a oscilloscope of evidence-based interventions for people with psychosis and their care givers. The term is generally used to include both computer simulations of service delivery such as imperative outreach and specific interventions, for example Family Intervention and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). PSIs aim is to red uce focus see by an individual with psychosis or second him or her to cope with vehemence more effectively.As a turn out of adopting a PSI approach an individualised service is offered to the service user to help meet their needs utilising a variety of interventions and services with great emphasis being placed upon collaboration.Psychosocial interventions assume a complex link between biological, environmental, and sociological factors which suggests that ambient stress, together with life events may trigger onset or turn back of, mental health in some people (Gamble Curthoys 2004). A model which displays this link is the Stress pic Model by Zubin and Spring (1977 cited in Norman, Ryrie 2004). This model helps explain the aetiology, course and outcome of mental illness, demonstrating how stress has different effects on individuals.The Stress Vulner superpower Model (See figure 2) suggests that some people are more vulnerable to stress than others and that when an individua ls stress wand is passed they can become unwell i.e. experience positive symptoms. In equipment casualty of a complex case it could be proposed that an individuals complexities cause stress in themselves and/or increase a persons vulnerability to stress. An example of how The Stress Vulnerability Model can be illustrated to enable it to be divided up with a service user with complex needs, using an easy to understand parity can be seen in Appendix 1. As previously mentioned the aim of PSI is to reduce stress or to help cope with stress better therefore, it can be seen how the Stress Vulnerability Model plays a central role in providing psychosocial interventions.Substance Misuse and PsychosisOver 50% of people with a severe mental illness also use illicit drugs and/or alcohol at hazardous levels (Cleary et al 2009) and even low levels of substance misuse can have detrimental effects and cause serious complications (Barrowclough et al 2001). The combination of substance misuse and mental health problems (dual diagnosis) is associated with a range of social, behavioural, physical and psychological problems (see table 3) providing challenges for mental health services and adding to the complexity of an individual (Hussein 2002). In addition to this complexity The national service framework of mental health (DOH 1999a) identifies patients whom misuse substances and have a diagnosis of serious mental illness as a population of greater encounter of stigmatisation and exclusion from existing service provision. Demonstrating some of the factors that add to an individuals complexity.Table 3Complications posed by dual diagnosis (Cleary 2009, Drake Mueser 2000, Clark 1996, Dixon, McNarey Lehman 1995, Griffiths Allen 2007 and Gibbins Kipping 2006)Increased risk of Suicide,Self Neglect,Violence,Poor compliance with treatment, more(prenominal) inpatient stays worsening psychiatric symptomsRelapse,Homelessness,HIV and Hepatitis,Contact with malefactor justice syste mPrejudice and Stigma.Negative impacts on Social relationships monetary resources (of individual and/or family/friends)Family Relationships i.e. increased burden, increased expressed emotion at bottom literature the most commonly reported reason that people with serious mental illness use illicit drugs is to self medicate, for example, to relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Littlejohn 2005). However, as Conley Benishek (2003) report there is the additional complexity of scathe that has lead to the use of substances for various reasons including dissociation, and modelling from parents. They continue recommending that nurses working within the substance misuse field should be handy in take up such information. If an approach adopting psychosocial interventions was utilised and therapies such a cognitive behavioural therapy were delivered then this historical information may be place and dealt with appropriately. at that placefore, leading to a different delivery of serv ices compared to someone who uses substances to self medicate. However, the mental health professional must also bear in mind that service users also use substances for the same reasons as others (Littlejohn 2005).Even though the NICE (2007) Guidelines, Drug Misuse Psychosocial Interventions recommends that CBT be offered to those with anxiety and depression who are stabilised with their drug use, but does not discuss its use with those with psychosis. There is growing literature examining the use of CBT for those with a dual diagnosis (Cleary et al 2009, Barrowclough et al 2001, baker et al 2006, Weiss et al 2007 and haddock et al 2003) although, as mentioned earlier the add together of literature in this area is limited. Also the CBT that is delivered to the participants within the studies has been adapted to suit the needs of those with dual diagnosis. This integrated treatment, namely C-BIT (Cognitive-Behavioural integrated Treatment), has a number of components Cognitive Beh avioural Therapy, Motivational Interviewing and Family Interventions. C-BIT is not only about adapting psychosocial interventions to suit those with dual diagnosis but it is also about service provision and development (Thylstrup Johansen 2009, graham et al 2006, Graham et al 2003). Such interventions are used as part of an individualised treatment plan that incorporates the key principles of working with dual diagnosis (see table4).Table 4 (Drake et al 1993 cited in Abou-Saleh 2004)Principles of treatment of substance misuse in people with severe mental illnessAssertive outreach to facilitate appointment Close monitoring to provide structure and social reinforcement Integrated concurrent service Comprehensive, wide range of interventions Stable living side Flexibility and specialisation (modified approaches) Stages of treatment engagement, persuasion, active treatment and reversion measure Longitudinal perspective for relapsing and chronic disorder Optimism instilling consen t in patients and carersMotivational Interviewing (MI)The aim of this intervention is to increase a persons ability to recognise and do something about any problems they have (Gamble Curthoys 2004) and that change would be desirable (Kipping 2004 and Miller Rollnick 2002).This approach conveys entrust and is non-confrontational in it style (Kemp et al 1996) and is largely used within substance misuse services (DOH 1999b). This intervention is used alongside Prochaska DiClemente (1986 Cited in Kipping 2004) Model of Change (see Figure 3) to provide a framework of which interventions should be used at which stage of change a service user is at. Motivational Interviewing is mainly used as a persuasion tool to move people from precontemplation/ contemplation to conclusion and active change. Four General principles are personifyed as outlined by Miller Rollnick (2002) expressing empathy, developing discrepancy, rolling with resistance, and funding self efficacy in order to facili tate this change. When a service user demonstrates that they have arrived at the decision or action stage of the cycle of change cognitive behavioural interventions are then commenced.Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)The aim of CBT is to lessen distress caused by negative skin sensess it attempts to do this by changing the thoughts (cognitive) and beliefs that tolerate them. It can also alter actions (behavioural) and circumstances that are affecting these thoughts and feelings (Nelson 2005). This approach has been written about for many years and has arguably evolved from the work of Aaron Beck, a psychiatrist whose work dates back to the 1950s. There is a vast amount of literature examining the use of CBT with psychosis (Jones et al 2004). Generally the research and literature supporting the use of CBT for Those with serious mental illness often excludes people who misuse illicit drugs and/or alcohol for example Garety et al (2008), and Jackson et al (2008).The topics covered within CBT sessions for those with dual diagnosis differs from that of someone who does not use substances. For example Baker et al (2006) outlines components of CBT sessions used within their trial. They include, presenting the model of sturdy substance use and psychotic symptoms (Graham et al 2004), specific techniques for managing substance use, and appellation of triggers and beliefs that could lead to substance use and increase psychotic symptoms. Finally a large component of CBT for dual diagnosis is around relapse prevention, identifying unaccommodating thinking patterns and managing cravings.Family Interventions (FI)A relative of a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia may experience negative consequences in many areas including emotionally, socially, psychologically and economically, as they adjust to their new role as a care giver (Reader 2002). How the care giver attempts to cope with these consequences can have an effect on their relative. Research has shown that e xpressed emotion within families could lead to relapse in schizophrenia (Brown et al 1962, Kavanagh 1992). Often a person with dual diagnosis is only marginally engaged with services but may have regular contact with their families who provide financial and psychological support (Thylstrup Johansen 2009). Putting them under immense strain but also in prime position to work with mental health services to rear engagement and treatment adherence.There is a vast evidence base to support FI for promoting recovery from psychosis (Pharoah et al 2006, Pilling et al 2002). The family dynamics of a person with a dual diagnosis is often impacted greatly overimputable to the complexities discussed earlier and there is growing evidence to suggest how family involvement can have positive impacts on outcomes for both the service user and their families (Fischer et al 2008 Dixon, McNarey and Lehman 1995). Within integrated treatment Barrowclough et al (2001) use family interventions as a means o f encouraging care givers to adopt motivational interviewing styles to improve motivation, and treatment adherence amongst other interventions. See Table 5 to illustrate how stripped family work in the form of psycho-education enhances the experience of service users and their care givers, even when staff have had no formal dressing.Unfortunately, family relationships of those with dual diagnosis can often be put under vast amounts of strain that cause the family dynamics to breakdown. Leading to people losing contact with their friends and families. This therefore makes family interventions very difficult as often one or both parties (care giver(s) and service user) do not wish to accept family work. In addition to this there are service users who do not wish their care givers be assured of their illicit drug use as they are worried of the consequences this may bring, for example negative appraisal due to the stigma surrounding substance misuse. From experience this can be overc ome in some cases through normalisation and psycho-education. Providing a good rationale of why care givers should be informed and how doing this can help the situation. Although, this often takes a lot of guidance and motivational interviewing techniques.Table 5Psycho-education with Laura and her Father.Once Laura was admitted to the rehabilitation unit where she is soon residing her father got in touch. Laura was keen to build on the relationship between her and her father and started to visit him once a week. Staff at the unit (whom are not trained in family interventions) thought it would be a good idea to spend some time with Laura and her father to help them both gain an understanding of each others situation, thoughts, feelings and behaviours. After explaining the benefits of this to Laura she consented and her dad was offered to come and have a few informal sessions with Laura and her named nurse. Lauras dad explained how he had neer been given any information about schizo phrenia or substance misuse and how he knew very little of how these effected his daughter. This information was shared with both Laura and her dad. The stress vulnerability model was explained to Lauras dad with a view to building on his understanding of why his daughter experiences psychotic symptoms and providing a reason why she uses drugs. Leading on to state how this only causes more problems (all of this was discussed with Laura at an earlier date). Lauras public address system was given the opportunity to voice any concerns he had about regaining contact with Laura i.e. financial drain, crime, and picking up the peices. These problems were discussed and brainstormed with both Laura and her dad to identify ways to prevent these happening, and produce a contingency plan if either person felt they needed support. Lauras Dad reported that these sessions made it easier for him to build on lost relationships with his daughter and lessen his fears that he would have to deal with it all if things went wrong. Laura also felt much more positive as now she was starting to rebuild relationships providing more motiviation to change and sustain change. Her mood improved slightly and she had more hope for the future. Arguably the benefits Laura experienced may have inevitably occurred without staff intervention. books ReviewA small number of studies examining interventions for use with people with dual diagnosis will now be appraised.Two of the Studies are Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) and are considered the gold standard method for evaluating treatment efficiency (Greenhalgh 2006). They are utter to produce the least biased results as random samples are used to minimise the possibility of error in design and conduct (Roberts, 1999).Barrowclough et al (2001) and haddock et al (2003)Barrowclough et al (2001) produced one of the first robust RCTs to canvass the impact an integrated intervention programme consisting of CBT,MI and FI had upon service users. The design of the drag in was robust in that it was a RCT, ensured as far as feasible good treatment fidelity (making certain that the treatment being delivered is the one intended (Leeuw 2009)) and the assessors in the trial were blind to group allocation (reducing the risk of bias). However there were some limitations of this study such as small numbers of participants, short follow up period, and treatment was delivered by cognitive behavioural therapists. In reality it is not possible for all service users with dual diagnosis to receive interventions from a cognitive behavioural therapist. All of these limitations question the generalisibility of the results.Although care givers were in receipt of interventions their outcomes were not reported in this study. It would have been interesting to see these results even those whom were in the control group received more interventions than the majority of families of substance misusers get (based on experience). ane could hypothesise t hat the results of the two groups were not too dissimilar due to the fact that both sets of care givers were being supported.The Haddock et al (2003) study is a follow on from the Barrowclough et al (2001) study reporting further service user outcomes, apostrophize effectiveness and carer outcomes over an 18month period. The robustness of the study was discussed above. This study found quite significant positive outcomes of those whom received the integrated intervention programme. Results demonstrated improved outcomes for the service users general and social functioning, and reduced number of negative symptoms to a significant degree. When examining this result with experience from practice it could be hypothesised that when a service users level of functioning increases they rely less upon their care givers. Thereupon improved functioning has a positive indirect effect upon carers. There was also a small difference in the percentage of geezerhood of abstinence between the two g roups with the treatment group proving more favourable. However, the clinical significance of this is questionable. Although carer outcomes were reported within the Haddock et al (2001) paper they are only briefly examined with more of an emphasis based on personify effectiveness. However, the results do show promise for care givers within the treatment programme, demo some trends towards better personal outcomes. At the 12 month follow up the treatment group demonstrated a reduction in needs and objective and subjective burden. However, these results were not statistically clinically significant. Haddock et al (2003) suggest more intensive work should be make with families due to the high rates of expressed emotion.Baker et al (2006)Baker et al (2006) also produced a RCT to examine the impact a serial publication of sessions of CBT and MI has upon service users with a dual diagnosis. This study was not as robust as the Barrowclough et al (2001) study in relation to randomisation and assessor blindness. Within this study participants were paid for their expenses and time attending assessments. Although the authors suggest this was not enough to influence responses, this procedure was not carried out in similar studies such as the one by Barrowclough and colleagues (Barrowclough et al 2001 and Haddock et al 2003) which should be considered when comparing results. Another negative to this study as with that of Barrowclough et al(2001) was that the interventions were carried out by highly trained psychologists Echoing the argument of generalisability. On a positive note this study did have a larger number of participants almost double that of Barrowclough et al (2001). Baker et al (2006) suggest both this trial and the one carried out by Barrowclough and colleagues suggest improvements in substance misuse. However from the results these improvements appear minimal. Baker et al (2006) also report that there was no significant difference in improvement of functi oning or positive symptoms providing opposite and contrast results of the Barrowclough et al (2001) study.Baker et al (2006) conclude that this study demonstrates that this challenging case group (service users with dual diagnosis) is able to engage in CBT and demonstrate positive results. Although this excellent therapy-attendance could be questioned due to the use of payment for time and travel.Graham et al 2006This study carried out by Graham et al (2006) differs from those discussed above in that it is not a RCT, it is a preliminary evaluation of the impact of C-BIT training on 3 assertive outreach aggroups and service user outcomes and is not an RCT. Care co-ordinators from 5 assertive outreach teams were allocated to two groups. One of which received immediate C-BIT training and the other groups training was delayed. Results of the training demonstrated increased confidence of care co-ordinators in working with substance misuse and mental illness. Graham et al (2006) suggest these findings illustrate the effectiveness of such training and highlights the extent to which implementation actually occurs. They suggest their findings add evidence to the recommendations made for implementation of interventions for this client group presented in Mental Health Implementation Guide Dual Diagnosis corking Practice (DOH 2002).Graham et al (2006) also discuss the impact of such training upon service user outcomes. The results highlighted an improvement in engagement, reduction in alcohol use and a reduction in positive alcohol related beliefs. Demonstrating that this team approach to C-BIT shows promise. This report does not measure impact on care giver outcomes.All of the reports mentioned here suggest further research is needed to establish a firm evidence base for integrated treatment programmes that use interventions such as CBT, MI and FI. Nonetheless, they do provide a good grounding for recommending that such interventions show promise for enhancing service user and carer experience. In order to do this there may need to be a change in service provision. For example for a change within treatment philosophy of a team may mean that all staff must be trained preferably at the same time (Graham 2004). This causes barriers on numerous levels such as cost implications of all staff receiving training, back fill of their hours, cost of trainer and venue etc.. Potential barriers may occur when implementing these newly acquired skills and association due to feelings of diminished confidence as part of the learning serve well (Atherton 2008).DiscussionSubstance misuse services separated for mental health services some time ago (Conley Benishek 2003) and as a result mental health professionals have limited training and experience in working with people who misuse substances. In addition, many drug and alcohol workers have only had minimal education in mental health issues (Frankel 1996). This could result in mental health professionals and subs tance misuse workers feeling unequipped in working with people with a dual diagnosis resulting in them receiving inadequate care. A way to overcome this is for more health professionals to acknowledge their deficits in knowledge and attend training.Perhaps as a result of having minimal education in the field of substance misuse, negative attitudes towards those who misuse substances is still present (Howard Chung 2000 and Richmond Foster 2003). This can take the form of moralistic and stereotypical attitudes leading to mistrust, suspicion and avoidance on both sides. Evidence indicates that when such attitudes are held problems of substance misuse are often overlooked and not dealt with or referred on (Howard Chung 2000).Table 6Luke Case StudyLuke was brought up in a deprived area of a large city and often experimented with illicit substances with his friends. He had a very poor relationship with his mother and siblings (although he did reside with them) and neer saw his father . Luke started to hear voices at the age of 18 and was soon admitted to an acute unit where he commenced anti-psychotic medication. Luke was discharged from hospital back to his home. Lukes motivation was course and he was experiencing little enjoyment in life. it wasnt long before he stopped taking his anti-psychotic medication because it was making him put on weight and causing side effects. L

Mini Bran Re positioning Analysis

Mini Bran Re viewing Analysis agree to the book Strategic grass counseling by Kevin Lane Keller (2008) , Identifying and creating station placement is the first and important stage of the strategical check off management process. Positioning final results on a founding benchmark and industrial plant toward serve a well taint by helping marketers to design, to implement, to switch integrity or to sustain denounce associations. Aaker ( ) also supports the idea that the defacement range dissolve exsert clear direction to a discourse course implementation. To establish the position of a brand, the opinion of it should be clearly defined. denunciation of the literature reveals numerous meanings and clarification of positioning. Sekhar, (1989) states that the concept of positioning developed from explore on market segmentation and targeting. Kotler (2003, p. 308) defines brand positioning as the title of designing the caller- emerges offering and image to occup y a distinctive go strike down in the mind of the target market. The quit result of positioning is the happy creation of a customer-focused value proffer, a cogent reason wherefore the target market should buy the harvest-feast. Ar nont (1992, 1993) parallels the idea by stating that positioning is, correlative to the rivalry, management attempt to adjust the tangible features and the intangible views of a vend subject contribution. Furthermore, Kapferer, (2004, p. 99) emphasises on the distinctive characteristics that make a band several(predicate) from its competitors and enticing to the public. In addition, Sengupta (2005 ) enhances the term of perception that indicate the core of the brand in call of its rompctional and emotional benefit in the decision of customer. Also, it is understandn as points in perceptual space and think up a growth class.In essence, Keller outlines the idea behind the concept of brand positioning that involves iv aspects target market id entification, the nature of competitors, the ideal of points of relation, and the points of difference. Identifying target market is all-important(a) part in establish a robust positioning because unhomogeneous segment may save diverse brand knowledge grammatical construction or perceive the homogeneous brand in different focus vary by own attitudes, beliefs, and experience. The target customer contribute be classified as descriptive (customer-oriented), which associated to the kind of customer or behavioral ( convergence-oriented), which related to how customers con attituder of or utilizes the brand or convergence. The behavioral side is more significant to comprehend brand position due to stronger strategic implication. Decided type of target can, then, implicitly sketches the nature of rivalry because businesses normally target that desire segment in terms of category membership. at once the appropriate rivalrous frame of reference for positioning has been formed , the correct points of parity (POPs) and points of difference (PODs) be able to make. Point of parity (POPs) argon characteristics or benefits that may mutual with other brands separated into dickens forms category and competitive. category point of parity is a standard association expected by customers to show the credibility of companies. Competitive Point of parity are associations knowing to abolish rivalry Point of difference. It is used when firms want to break until now the area that competitors are attempting to seek an advantage and achieve advantages in al most(prenominal) other areas. To illustrate, to enter in the fast food industry, there are key elements that help customers to label a brand as a fast food restaurant such as quick service, well(p) taste, and low prices. These are fundamental features and benefits of intersection category that it belongs to. Point of difference, on the other hand, comprises of strong, favorable and unequalled associations for a brand based on attribute or benefit association in the mind of customer. It is associations that customers think that they couldnt find in the competitive brand. It is considered by functional basis, elevator simple machinerying out-related consideration and resource related criterion, which are competitive strengths and insight close to consumers motivations. Reeves and Ted Bates de none part (1950) also support the common concept of PODs in terms of quaint selling proposition (USP) that promoting use to compel customers to buy ware that competitors could not race. For instance, fast-food chain Subway uses the healthier benefit as PODs compared with other quick-serve restaurants that support by less fat attribute. Nike, for another example, claim of superior performance in athletic shoes.Nowadays, business environment is becoming more intensively competitive. Marketers must certify that their brands constantly amend to stay s, at the equal time as keeping on the true cor e determined (Aaker, 1991 Keller, 1999). There are many reasons that make a firm to regard about its brand position which could be environmentally driven, Consumer driven, Competitor driven, and party driven. The environmentally driven can cause by economic issue, political issue, or the green movement. Consumer driven is able to be the exchange of consumer necessitate and life fashions or the attractiveness of alternative target markets . Moreover, the driven from inner of company usually be a change in company body or gaining of crude technology or other asset that provides the brand a competitive advantage and valuable differentiator. Finally, the essential reason that affects a brand to displace is the competitor movement. Markets are shredded and full with proposition that rivals try to display their point of different and superior positioning. Then, the brand may be faced by a recent stronger positioning. Often, competitive advantages pull through for only a short period before competitors attempt to break them, which may harm the brand positioning in terms of building satisfactory distinction benefits over their contenders (Clancy and Trout, 2002). Thus, brand should react by utilize shift strategy to change and stay contemporary and fresh in the eyes of customers. Trout and Ries () propose an idea of the move that involve with competition, change, and crisis issues. first of all, repositioning can manage the rival by discriminate the brand or crop and add value to it. Secondly, since time pass by, brand should update itself and make connection to target customer by using technology and communication and multimedia assets. Finally, repositioning can cure the crisis especially the cost issue. Ryan et al ()also gives the meaning of repositioning that is the way to re-adapt brand position the consumers thought to change the way in which a firms product or service is apprehend.Basically, positioning and repositioning are the same they are two process of acquire ownership of a place in the thoughts of the target market that is proper, differentiating and fascinating. These two activities are , likewise, bases on the Customer Based Brand Equity (CBBE) pose settled by Keller in 1993 which defined as the different effect that consumer knowledge has on the customers response to marketing activity.To clarify, this paper will show the illustration of two repositi iodined brand of the automobile industry in two supremacyful and fail way. Begin with brand that succeed in repositioning that is miniskirt,The miniskirt (original wee-weed Mini) is one of the most well known brands in the car industry, and indeed the most prosperous British car in terms of volume sold (Birmingham Mini Owners Club, 2002). It was launched in 1959 by British take Corporation. It was originally designed for four people seat, in a infinitesimal size, practical, easy to park and economical. Also, priced was inexpensively. This responded to a f uel shortage, and the need for more good city cars. The Mini Cooper was designed and commercialized as a faster and sporty version of the Mini that would allow the car to fight successfully in rallying. Moreover, in 1969 the Mini was placed on the involve The Italian Job. Due to the combination of the Minis rallying success and celebrity style reputation so it became a necessary fashion accessory. It gained the cultural office that considered as a British icon. The Mini Coopers status was variable amidst the 1970s and the 1980s as the license for the brand was sold to Spanish and Italian companies. In 1994, BMW bought the Rover Group, the owner of the Mini and launched the line in 2000. BMW still used the Mini brand to unite old and new to form explicit and consistence profile, but a bit change in name from Mini to miniskirt.Launching the New miniskirt had delegate to preserve the MINI from becoming a fad. Therefore, business strategy of BMW is to position the MINI as a symb ol. It target young groups of customers that are urbane, stylish, individual or characteristically take their own path, value and quality consider, cheat to drive, and a trendsetter. To meet the target market need, characteristic, and lifestyle, Mini brand came out the repositioning strategy that tried to attract customer in both(prenominal) logical level by the products performance and insurance of quality, and at a sensational level by the value of the brands image or product aesthetics. At the rational level, MINI keeps the perception of a small bountifulness car. It emphasized in practical and brand heritage about beingness an economy small sport car that hire a different and new technical base. There are cardinal main competitive advantages that support the aspect custom design, modern quality technology, and outstanding safety. Firstly, MINI has an extensive variety of equipment along with paintwork choices, applications on the external and rare materials for the intern al that make MINI customizable and can be differentiate. As a result, it offers customers to drive their own style MINI to express and show their own brand temper. Secondly, the quality dimension, it involves body structure setting new standards, the tycoonful engines, the most progressive suspension technology, which makes driver feel a go-kart experience. Thirdly, the safety system guarantee excellent safety airbag system, which makes the MINI one of the safest and the most good cars in its category. At an emotional level, the MINI stressed on the fun facet, play with the slogan fun to drive. Thus, MINI attempted to create brand personality of it as fun loving, outrageous, cheeky, trendy, sporting and attractive.The victory of the MINI brand repositioning can be analyzed in many aspects. Firstly it achieved in clearly defined its target market so it could offer the brand attributes or benefits that meet the target needs and, also, was able to compete with the relevant brands in the sporty compact cars market such as Honda and Volkswagen. Likewise, MINI did not forget to offer the Category points-of-parity it provided essential and conceivable attributes that a car should have to customers. Additionally, MINI can prove strong superiority on its attribute and benefit and, too, consumers can be swayed. MINI brand associations met three criteria that can correctly be good at a point-of-difference desirability, deliverability, and differentiability. First of all, the MINIs target customer was given a smooth-tongued motive to believe by MINIs pose on exclusive design, streetwise quality technology, excellent safety, plus fun emotion. Accordingly, they can feel the relevancy in both performance and emotion. These advantage associations are hard to compete. Also, MINI got benefit from the combination of two legacy advantages British heritage and BMWs German heritage that effected to customer perception. The former British heritage include construction in Eng land, iconic scheme, fun and sporty sensation. The later German heritage BMWs consisted of the certifying in excellence of production and technology along with the gift car segment. Moreover, the company can really deliver favor attributes and benefits, in the other words, MINI could sent the promise unique joy at an attainable price to its consumers. The product design and its marketing campaign back up the desired associations. Their unique, specific and complete forms of advertising resulted to minis repositioning accomplishment. The customer was underlined that possessing and driveway a MINI is fun, at the same time, also promoting brand personality and the idea of smaller is better. In every touch points, from the billboards to the showrooms, everything is branded that pararell with the set position. Finally, associations of MINI brand are strong in differentiate about history related, product related, and emotional related that can claim strong suit and superiority against relevant competitors.Whilst MINI brand repositioning has been very successful, Oldsmobile brand, contrastingly, had odd customers confused. The Oldsmobile brand is a mooring of the failure brand in repositioning. Oldsmobile is one of the brand legends in US car history. It was in the portfolio of General Motors (GM) same as Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick and Cadillac. It was a pioneer brand that launched the first car with chromeplated dress up and front wheel drive. Also, it was be the first production line car in the US with a fully automatic transmission, which is Toronado model. The brand was best-selling(predicate) for many decades until there were problems that shake the strength of brand and have to end the production in 2000. The reason behind the brand failure can be divided in terms of positioning in three parts.First of all, around 1980s onwards, when GMs technology had cutting edge go about with the Chevrolet engines were substituted ad diesel engines were given as an o ption, it ,afterward, stopped maintaining and emphasizing the unique selling proposition of Oldsmobile and make the brand to be uniform like others. Consequently, Oldsmobiles is devalued its positioning in advance automobile in sportiness and excogitation .It lost its advantage edge and looked very similar to other GM cars, with only small differences.Additionally, due to its brand name, there is an effect of the name old to the perception of customer that mislead to be perceived as outdates brand specially among teenage segment. As a result, marketers of Oldsmobile tried to reposition the brand and adjust the brand image with Its Not Your Fathers Oldsmobile slogan and ran advertising to describing the point. Unfortunately, this customers couldnt recognize reasonable about age association and still perceive that Oldsmobile is old-fashioned (Levinson,2005). One Brand Week article, published in February 2001 gave a recommendation to the Oldsmobile that instead of attempt to be younge r, it should better accept the pull round brand, with its older profile, search for older customers insight and give them a communication that fascinated to their needs. It could be possible, as the Oldsmobile had been considered an innovator in its field, even though it had never been a youth brand. Also, the process of this repositioning was rather freakish operation. The customer perception should proceeding adjust for example, from old brand to self-aggrandizing brand to, eventually, younger brand. Moreover, Oldsmobile had endeavoured to lift its position to be a high life brand by changing logo and make many product variations to enter European market. However, the principal notion of Oldsmobile was to manufacture a inexpensive car for the masses and discounting strategy to sales was still used that against the repositioning aim, thus, consumers were confounded. Again, their memories with the earlier brand image still ran deep. Ultimately, General Mortors shut down its Old smobile section.Refer to the case, there are many factors that make Oldsmobile incapable to success in repositioning. Begins with the target market, it attempted to target younger consumers and affluent market without finding those customers insight. While there were overwhelm of competitors that pierced in the same target. Thus, introducing trendy new Olds cars were too late. Oldsmobile did not carry on the brands new promise it just created the tag line Its Not Your Fathers Oldsmobile but did not do anything on product or service programs to stress the claim. The product reforms did not meet wishes of new clients. By reason of deficient product development plus inconsistent brand communications, it did not have power rich to change the targets perception that Oldsmobile is a youthful, modern brand. Sharfman(2001) states that this slogan excluded both newer and elder purchasers. The reason that might be it had not done enough through its designs, contemporary images, and marketing mix, especially to the customers who do not have high involvement in the brand. They saw no advantage and no distinction, and no emotive association. In addition, it abandoned their competitive advantages which are a sporty and innovative, based on its heritage. Consequently, the trusted and believable personality of Oldsmobile was destroyed. In addition, to be in the upper market, Oldsmobile did not do well on credibility. Price levels did not represent the new willing position. Also, it was not able to form a unique emotional advantage or identity operator component of brand equity that is related to its customers. For these reasons Oldsmobile turned people off.In a nut shell, brand positioning is a strategic concept that marketers make a band image to sit in a unique room in the mind of the target market by a customer-focused base value correlated to competitors. Furthermore,There are factors require brand managers to reconsider about their brand position such as holdfast cust omer needs, increasing competitive pressures and changing of the company own structure. The BMW MINI case shows an example of how a brand cans success in repositioning. It created stiff brand associations that consumers perceive a brand dwell in a favourable, differentiated and credible location in the minds of consumers. Thus, MINI gained trustworthiness of the product position by information given by brand. Although many brands are desired to become resurrected and famous again, often, repositioning brand fail in changing the image in the mind of customer as the mentioned case of Oldsmobile. It underwent from a lack of strong positioning since targeted goal that it did not have ability to send the promises or new benefits. Also, elements of marketing mix did not go along with new position such as the product improvement and the price. As a result, marketers should carefully redefine brands target market, stick about on their needs and expectations, then, find the right and avail able place to be in their minds, which unique, certifiable, and satisfactory. Finally, the new position should be communicated properly and consistency.

Total Consumption Burner And Premix Chamber Burner Comparison Biology Essay

broad(a) wasting disease Burner And Premix Chamber Burner Comparison Biology EssayAtomic emission is a service that occurs when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by excited atoms or ions. In nuclear emission spectrometry the standard is subjected to temperatures high ample to take a leak non plainly dissociation into atoms, and also to ca give signifi stick outt amounts of collisional excitation and ionisation of the precedent atoms to take place. Once the atoms and ions be in the excited states, they can decay to lower states with caloric or radiative (emission) energy transitions and electromagnetic radiation is emitted. An emission spectrum of an element contains some(prenominal) more lines than the corresponding absorption spectrum.FES (formerly c all tolded burst out photometry) is in tenet similar to emission spectroscopy, with flame as the reference of excitation energy (flame atomiser). A flame provides a high-temperature source for desolvating and va porizing a try to concur free atoms for spectroscopic analysis. In atomic absorption spectroscopy land state atoms ar desired. For atomic emission spectroscopy the flame essential also excite the atoms to higher energy levels. The table lists temperatures that can be achieved in some commonly use flames.In atomic spectroscopy, atomisation is the conversion of a vaporized standard into atomic components or the process of obtaining atomic vapor.Liquid examines argon first nebulized (convert a liquid into a mist or fine nebuliser), the fine mist is transported into the atomisation source (flame or plasma), where the solvent evapo range and the analyte is vaporized, then atomized.A flame atomiser is compose of a nebulisation system with a pneumatic aerosol production accessory, a botch-flow regulation and a burner. Flame are produced by means of a burner to which go off and oxidiser are supplied in the form of spatteres. There are two types of aspirator-burner used, jo in-consumption burner and mix domiciliate burner.Nebulisation is a process to convert (a liquid) to a fine sprayTotal Consumption BurnerIn total-consumption burner, the go off and oxidant ( book) gases are multiform and combust at the tip of the burner. The fuel (normally acetylene), oxidant (usually air) and strain all meet at the base of flame. The assay is pull up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial nihility above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are roilingly mixed and burned. This is the usual process of nebulisation.The burner is called total consumption be vitrine the inherent aspirated sample records the flame or in new(prenominal) words the sample solution is directly aspirated into the flame. All desolvation, fragmentation, and excitation occurs in the flame.However, the total consumption burner can be used to aspirat e thick and high solids samples with more ease, such as undiluted serum and urine. Also, this burner can be used for near types of flames, both low- and high-burning velocity flames.Surface blendTotal Consumption BurnerThe Venturi Effect is the reduction in fluid force that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of thermionic tubePremix Chamber BurnerThe second type of burner, most commonly used now, is the mix chamber burner, sometimes called laminar-flow chamber. Premix burners were the first purpose-designed burners, and they can be traced back more than 100 years to the Bunsen and similar testing ground burners. A mixture burner system really consists of two key components, the burner notch or nozzle, and the gas-air mixing device that feeds it. The fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamber before they enter the burner head (through a slot) where they combust. The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effect using t he support gas for the aspiration. Large droplets of the sample brook and drain out of the chamber. The remaining fine droplets mix with the gases and enter the flame. As much as 90% of the droplets condense out, loss only 10% to enter the flame. The 90% of the sample that does not commit the flame provide travels back through the mixing chamber and out as lavishness drain.The premix burners are generally limited to relatively low-burning velocity flames. The most outstanding disadvantage of the premix burner is that only low burning-velocity flames can be used. A burning velocity which is higher than the rate of flow gases leaving the burner pass on cause the flame to travel down into the burner resulting in an explosion commonly known as flashback. Because of this limitation it is somewhat difficult to use high burning-velocity gases, which includes oxygen-based flames.Most commercial instrument use premix burners with the weft of using total-consumption burner. Premix bur ners are distinguished as Bunsen-, Meker-, or slot-burners fit to whether they have one queen-sized hole, a number of small holes, or a slot as outlet for the gas mixture, respectively. When several correspond slots are present, they are identified as multislot burners (e.g., a three-slot burner). A ordinary version of premix burner is the Boling burner. This is a three slot burner head that results in a broader flame and less distortion of radiation passing through at the edges of the flame. This burner warps more easily than others, though, and care must be interpreted not to overheat it when using organic solvents.The difference between total-consumption burner and premix chamber burnera) Nebulisation processIn total-consumption burner,the fuel (usually acetylene), oxidant (usually air) and sample all meet at the base of flame. The sample is drawn up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned. This is the usual process of nebulisation.While in premix burners, the fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamber before they enters the burner head (through a slot) where they combust. The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effect using the support gas for the aspiration. Large droplets of the sample condense and drain out of the chamber.b) Size of sample droplet that enters the flame (atomization efficiency) and absorption path distanceThe total consumption burner obviously uses the entire aspirated sample, but it has a shorter path space and many large droplets are not vaporized in the sample. The path length is extremely short, since combustion occurs only at a point above the capillary tube. Although in the total-consumption burners the entire sample is aspirated, the vaporization and atomization is poor.Al though a large parcel of land of the aspirated sample is lost in the premix burner, the atomization efficiency (efficiency of producing atomic desiccation) of that portion of the sample that enters the flame is greater, because the droplets are finer. Also, the path length is longer. The sample which does reach the flame is efficiently atomized. So sensitivities are comparable with either burner in most cases.c) Interference to flameIn total consumption burner, the larger droplets whitethorn vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the lighter path. This whitethorn result in light scattering, which is registered as an absorbance. The absorbance by the sample, that is, the atomic vapour population, is generally more dependent on the gas flow rates and the height of observation in the flame than with the premix burners. The viscosity of the sample will more greatly affect the atomization efficiency (production of atomic vapour) in the total consumption burner. The resulting drops are relatively large which will cause the flame temperature to fluctuate and will scatter the source radiation. This may cause false measurements to be detected. This interference will not advance in premix burner since fine droplets of sample is produced.d) Flame homogeneityTotal consumption burner is used in flame photometry and is not useful for atomic absorption. The reason for this is that the resulting flame is turbulent and non-homogenous because it combines the function of nebulizer and burner. Here oxidant and fuel emerge from separate ports and are mixed above the burner orifices to produce a turbulent flame. Non-homogenous flame is a property that negates its usefulness in atomic absorption, since the flame must be homogeneous, for the same reason that different sample cuvettes in molecular spectrophotometry must be closely matched. One would not want the absorption properties to change from one moment to the next because of the leave out of homogeneity in the fla me.In premix burner, the fuel and oxidant are thoroughly mixed inside the burner housing before they leave the burner ports and enter the primary combustion or inner zone of the flame. This type of burner usually produces an approximately laminar (streamline) flame, and is commonly combined with a separate unit of measurement for nebulizing the sample.e) NoiseCombustion with the premix burners is very quiet, while with the total-consumption burner it is clangorous to the sensing element as well as to the ear, possibly on a level similar to that of a jet engine.Summary of the difference between the total-consumption burner and premix burnerNoCharacteristicsTotal Consumption BurnerPremix Chamber BurnerNebulisation processThe fuel and oxidant (support) gases are mixed and combust at the tip of the burner.The sample is drawn up into the flame by the Venturi Effect, by the support gas. The gas creates a partial vacuum above the capillary barrel, causing the sample to be forced up the capillary. It is broken into a fine spray at the tip where the gases are turbulently mixed and burned.The fuel and support gases are mixed in a chamberbefore they enter the burner head (through a slot) where they combust.The sample solution is again aspirated through a capillary by the Venturi effectusing the support gas for the aspiration.Size of sample droplet that enters the flame (atomization efficiency)Larger dropletsatomization efficiencyMany larger droplets are not vaporized in the sample. The larger droplets may vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the light path (result in light scattering and registered as an absorbance). The viscosity of the sample will more greatly affect the atomization efficiency (production of atomic vapour) in the total consumption burner.Small dropletsatomization efficiencyAlthough a large portion of the aspirated sample is lost in the premix burner, the atomization efficiencyof that portion of the sample that enters the flame is greater, because the droplets are finer.Absorption path lengthShorter path lengthatomization efficiencyLonger path lengthatomization efficiencyInterference to flameThe resulting drops are relatively large which will vaporize partially, leaving solid particles in the light path. This may result fluctuation of flame temperature and light scattering, which is registered as an absorbance may cause false measurements to be detected.None (fine drops)Flame homogeneityThe resulting flame is turbulent and non-homogenousUsually produces an approximately laminar (streamline) flameNoiseCombustion with the total-consumption burner is noisyCombustion with the premix burners is very quiet

Management Structure At Habib Bank Limited Commerce Essay

counseling social organization At Habib m unitaryy box Limited Commerce EssayHBL is the largest wedge in Pakistan which has 1450 branches in Pakistan and 55 branches in all over the world. HBL full stop fleck is situated in Karachi, Pakistan, the prototypic capital city of Pakistan. HBL commonly referred as HBL Pakistan.HBL is principally do functions in commercial depository financial institutioning.Commercial Banking subject matter that it accepts deposits from investors and creditors and contribute loans to borrowers, which may some cadences common public and most(prenominal)ly the well cleard industries and organizations, lodge ins loan to fulfill their expenditures.History***********The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, show a apprehension that their moldiness single financial intermediation which helps the Muslims of India before the separation of Pakistan and India.So the HBL came into being in 1942 at Bombay.Then, Jinnah after the seperation of Paki stan and India decided to move the head of HBL in Pakistan, so the first affirm opens in Pakistan at Karachi, which is the first capital of Pakistan at that snip.Then the HBL Bank nationalized and intertwined with Habib Bank (overseas) by the governing of Pakistan.HBL privatized their confide in 1991.Vision and Mission*************************Our vision is to satisfy our guests with run so well that they came to our fraternity over again and again. They notion comfortable with our go at customer value and satisfaction.HBL mission is to satisfy customers in such(prenominal) a mien that they feel prosperity to come again and again in our business.HBL divides their values in five categoriesExcellenceIntegrityclient counselingMeritocracyProgressivenessExcellence in HBL is that we moldinessinessiness respect our work in excellence to keep us deep down the securities industry.Integrity in HBL is they must fall in to maintain their sincerity and truthfulness in the mark et otherwise the customer reserve importance to our opponent avers.Customer concenter in HBL is that they must identify the customer needs, wants and demands and to fulfill their needs at customer value and satisfaction.Meritocracy in HBL is that they must possess to give oppurtunities to their employees and must believe in them to increase their production.Progressiveness in HBL is that they must fork out to say new products and methods in their and to introduce new innovative ideas and to employ to give new qualities function. commission******************Management in business is to stick to a greater extent than and more peoples and together them for a akin purpose that is acquire things or goals through with(p) with the available visions that the comp whatsoever has, to pull in the profit.Management is rattling important range of any beau monde. Its main focus is to fudge the employees, get in policies, standards, and motivate employees to fulfill their t sub mits.Management Functions*******************************Management work outs four kinds of tasks, which argon as followsPlanningOrganizingLeadingControllingPlanning is to make policies, standards, regulations in the community. This is mainly done by the top-level conductrs. They make the policies and give it to middle animal trainers to implement those policies indoors the organization.Organizing is to organize the schedule on the daily basis, and to make motions within the organization and distribute them to employees to arrange their tasks. Organizing is essentially managing of beau mondes tasks, goals and objectives. catering some analysts thinks as the leash function of oversight, but some say that they ar not part of management. Staffing in each and every business is to arrange and fix the employees in the right persuade what qualities the employee has.Leading is to lead the business in rewrite to acquire the goals and objectives and to maximize their profits. Lea ding is mainly done by the supervisors who assemble with employees at regular basis.Controlling is the deal by management controls the confederation performances and explains them to fulfill their tasks according to company policies and regulations. This is mainly done top-level, middle- level and first-level omnibuss.The HBL is to a fault performing this management functions to fulfill their tasks, goals, and objectives.Management Skills*************************The achievements which must be necessitate in theatre acquitors to appoint them as managers atomic number 18Technical skillsPolitical skills social skillsConceptual skillsDiagnostic skillsTechnical skills atomic number 18 that managers must sacrifice alter knowledge which ar postulate for the managers post.Political skills must be required in managers post to keep the power in their atomic number 18a to manage operations and to establish connections.Conceptual skills atomic number 18 by the managers to rec kon the abstract problems in the company and to adjourn these problems.Interpersonal skills argon utilize to air with the employees, and to motivate, and to handle them in their problems. In dictate to manage the r forthine employees problems managers must have interpersonal skills, because in order to re lap this complexes managers must have to communicate with the employees.Diagnostic ability helps him to choose the most portion solvent in any situation. If they judge the mis taken or wrong resoluteness to this it promoter that they has less ability to pick the subscribe to the right prize in the complex situations.In HBL managers they have these skills in order to manage their companys agency in the market and to give suspend oppurtunities to employee, so they feel satisfaction in the company.Basic Roles****************The basic roles which managers must adopt areInterpersonal RolesInformational RolesDecisional RolesInterpersonal Roles as we discuss before interpers onal skills, same to that in this manner that managers role is to coordinate with their employees, and make an interaction amongst them.Informational Roles are that the managers must handle, share schooling with the companies employees to gain the companies objectives and goals in a better way, because if the employee knows about these things they put their full efforts in gaining these goals.Decisional Roles are that the managers must have the ability of take decisions in complex situations and take the appropriate decisions.In Habib Bank Limited, there managers have these roles in order to maintain their company operations.Levels of management******************************In any organizations there are at least three level of managementTop-Level ManagementMiddle-Level Management prime(prenominal)-Level ManagementTop-Level Management usually involves the management which takes decisions about the policies, regulations, objectives and goals of the companies. They are bill of dire ctors, chief executive managers, president, vice president and much more.Middle-Level Management usually works as the middle management who tells about the policies, goals and objectives of company, which are set by top-level management to the lower-level management. They are mainly liable to give details information about the company operations to the top-level management. They are unremarkably branch managers, operation managers, finance managers and much more.First-Level Management is responsible to complete the tasks of the day to day basis business. They usually assign the tasks to the employees and if they have any problems they supervise or assist them to solve that problem. They are equalwise responsible to the daily production of the company.In HBL bank they have these management levels in their company to make policies, implement those policies and for managing the day to day work.The following draw explains the management levels in HBL bank.SWOT Analysis************* ********This depth psychology is necessary in every organization to assess about their internal and outside(a) affairs. They are usually employ to the correctments and disadvantages in business due to internal problems and away that is daily changes in market.The SWOT analysis is distributed into four categories, such asStrengthsWeaknessesOppurtunitiesThreatStrengths are utilise to examine the advantages of any business.Weaknesses are used to examine the weakness in any business or company, to slow up which problems they are facing today and they notify manage them.Oppurtunities means to sound out what kind of oppurtunities the company is giving to its employees and customers, and in any case it involves the job seekers.Threat is used to examine that which kind of threats the company is facing today and which they will typesetters case in futurity. After discovering them, the next step is to take steps to resolve with such threats e.g., if the opponent starts giving th eir redevelopments at less price.In Habib Bank Limited they are also using SWOT analysis to check the strengths, weaknesses, oppurtunities and threats, and after that they take steps to eliminate the weaknesses and threats and also to amend and increase their strengths and oppurtunities.The following diagram explains you the SWOT analysis in HBL BankProduction or Operation********************************Production or operation is done on the daily basis to give valuable overhauls to customers at customer value and satisfaction. Basically the operation manager is responsible for these. They supervise employees and assign them the tasks on the daily basis to get the required goals and objectives.You can see the production process in thisInput Transformation returnThe steps involved which a company or organization must examine areQuality ManagementSchedulingForecasting orthogonalizeLayoutQuality management is important field or area in production department. By giving the case o verhauls or products advantage the company in this manner, to gain customer loyalty. This operation is done by the operation manager.Scheduling is done by the operation manager. In this field, the manager makes the schedules to save the wastage of time by dividing the operations in desirable levels, which is dual-lane in such manner to save as much time as possible in operations.Forecasting method is used to medical prognosis about future day events by examining the past experience. By this method the operation managers make decisions that what steps they have to take to increase their production level. physical body is that the company changes their armed divine emoluments on the routine basis to get more satisfaction from customers. To keep them within the market they must have to focus on this area because in todays rapidly changing markets effect our position in the market if we do not focus on this area.Layout is fundamentally the arrangement of structure. It basically pre sents a good atmosphere look of the company to the customers to attract them.HBL is also focusing on the operation area strongly. They basically deal with the services and want to improve them in this field for providing surpass fictitious character services in the market.For this they are focusing them on quality management, scheduling, forecasting, design, and layout methods.Functions in HBL***********************HBL Bank offers diverse services to its customers e.g., commercial banking, corporate banking, investment funds banking, care banking, Treasury banking, and Islamic banking.Commercial banking in which HBL bank accepts deposits from investors and modify loans to borrowers.Corporate banking focusing on giving the facility of money management and payroll services to the customers.Investment banking in which the lends their loans and the other ways in which they can invest their deposits to get interest e.g., in stock exchange.Retail banking is the most important funct ion of HBL bank, because in this aspect the HBL provides the least price deposit to open a new account.Treasury banking in HBL is used basically to manage the capital risk and to prepare balance aeroplane statements in order to manage assets and liabilities of company.Islamic banking services are also disposed in HBL bank at customers demand.merchandising*************Marketing in companies plays an important role. Companies use this to identify the customers needs, and to know about changing markets, and to make strong customer relations, and make marketing mix programs etc. interpretation*************Marketing is making some policies and strategies to sell their goods in the market at customer value and satisfaction.Needs and Wants***********************Think about what you really need. In marketing we must have to identify the needs of customers and satisfy them and sell at profitable value. Needs involve the physical needs like food, clothing, safety etc.Wants are needs that a re antithetical in every person because of their personality and culture background.Demands are that people wants quality products that satisfy their needs at customer value.HBL Bank is focusing in all of these aspects to provide quality service to their customers.Marketing Mix*******************Marketing mix involves four steps, which is also known as 4 Ps, are as under harmProduct berthPromotionPrice plays a vital part in marketing mix. In order to maintain theirServices, company must maintain their prices rates to sell their products and services to customers at customer satisfaction value.Product is the brand or service which the company is deprivation to introduce in market to get responses from customers. Products are normally introduced by the company after gaining knowledge of the peoples needs and wants.Placement is that after choosing the brand or service which the company is going to introduce in market, the company decide that where they place this product or service i n market.Promotion is the last step of marketing mix, in which the company promotes its product or service by advertisement in newspapers, TV commercials and much more.The HBL bank provides legion(predicate) types of facilities to customers in products, from which the twain are discussed as followsDebit CardMaster CardHBL introduced Debit Card service to give him the service to use this card as payment withall. By this they can withdraw cash from ATM machines without waiting for his money at the cashier point.HBL also provides the facility of Master Card, by which they can bargain their basic needs, also if they have no cash. This card is like a bank loan which the customer has to pay at a undertake date.Debit Cards and Credit Card images are follows section*******************Segmentation is that marketers distribute their services or products into segments, which they do after a seek that in which segment which product or service is best to introduce. Peoples needs, wants and demands in different regions is different due to culture, personality, basic needs and much more.HBL bank is also focusing in the segmentation method to fulfill the different needs of peoples of different regions.For Example HBL bank provides the facility of online banking in 650 branches out of 1450 branches.Promotion***************Promotion in marketing is to put an impression of the company or brand or services in peoples mind.HBL is also doing such kind of activities. For Example Jahan Khawab Wahan HBL.Human Resource Management****************************************More and more companies are demanding to appoint skilled persons to functions of their company in a puritanical manner, to get the desired goals. For this they are mainly focusing on different areas to get the appropriate employees for their companies. Human election management also referred as personnel management.The functions which the Human Resource Management is focusing are listed as follows flow rate Assess ment antic Analysisenlisting and Selection processhomework DevelopmentPerformance ManagementCompensationEmployee RelationCurrent Assessment***************************In Current Assessment method the human resource manager searchWhere and which department the company needs more skill posts.Current Assessment method is also used for forecasting our future by examining the past experience. They also make forecasting how much employee leaves our company this year and how much employees retire this year.Job Analysis******************In Job Analysis human resource collect a list of specifications means which skills and duties are needed for that post.For the collection of data they use two kinds of probingThe consultationQuestionnairesIn the interview method the human resource manager takes theInterview of individual employees, group of employees, supervisors who have the knowledge about that post.In the questionnaire the human resource manager give questions to employees to fill the q uestions.After collection all the related data they make the job description after consulting with that data. Job description is basically involves all the tasks and responsibilities which the hiring employee will perform.Job stipulation is also the area of Job Analysis, in which the human resource manager makes the specifications which are required for that post.This involves education, skills, personality, aptitudes and much more.Recruitment Selection Process*******************************************Recruitment process is that how we attract people to collect the jackpot of candidates to complete the work.First we examine the internal resources that we choose any specific person from wrong the company for a particular post.Second way is that utilize our external resources to hire a fitting candidate for a particular post e.g., through advertisement, through internet or through newspapers adds we collect family of candidates.The following picture explains you the process whi ch the HBL bank is using in their recruitment and selection process.In the HBL bank recruitment process they after think make a perception that which vacancy is going to fill. They get this information after making a proper examining of job analysis area, which they had nimble to identify the skills and duties that are required.First they collect the kitty of candidates which are appropriate for their posts in which they want to hire employees.HBL uses both the internal resources and d external resources as well to collect suitable candidates for jobs, to meet our goals and objectives in a better way.In the external resources, HBL bank uses the advertising e.g., by newspapers, foxiness and Professional Journals (Aurora Magazine), Internet job sits like (Rozee.pk).They are using other oppurtunities to hire candidates from outside sources e.g., Sidat Hyder Morched Association are working for HBL bank to search suitable candidates from outsourcing, or through College Recruitment t he, HBL bank hire the terminal semester students from LUMS University and Lahore School of Commerce, by sending their selected employees who make surveys to these colleges to collect the suitable pool of candidates.Selection**************After finishing the recruitment area, means after selecting the suitable pool of candidates, the next step taken is to select the most suitable candidate for this job.In HBL bank selection board selects the suitable candidates from the pool of candidates by examining their CV are which are submitted to them.The first step which is taken in the selection process is screening. Through the screening process the organizations select the appropriate candidates for that post.After screening process the organizations takes a visitation. In HBL bank after short listing suitable candidates they call them for an interview and test.The methods which are used for interviews areStructured InterviewUnstructured InterviewIn the structured interview, the intervie wer makes a planned interview that which questions they are going to ask from candidates.In the unstructured interview, they did not prepare that which questions they are going to ask, take away this they ask questions from candidates as they feel it is necessary to ask from candidates.In HBL bank they also use these methods to take an interview of candidates.It depends on the interviewer that which means they are going to use to take an interview from candidates.Either they are going to usePanel InterviewOne-to-One InterviewMass InterviewPanel Interview in which two or more than two peoples takes interview from candidates.In one-to-one or face-to-face interview, only one person takes the interview of candidates.In Mass Interview, they take two or more candidates interview at the same time.After taking interviews, they take tests of candidates to get the knowledge about candidates skills and common sense. The types of tests they take in this areCognitive testsIntelligent Quotient t estAptitude testPersonality testTraining Development********************************Developing is the process by which organizations groom their live employees skills, and to train the new comers about how they will have to done their tasks.The inequality is that we use training to train new comers about how they will have to do their tasks, but we develop the existing employees skills to perform their tasks with more efficiency.The methods which are normally used in HBL bank for training areon-the-job TrainingOff-the-Job TrainingApprenticeship TrainingInformal lecturesEffective lecturesOn-the-Job Training means to train the employees on the job, when they are performing their tasks.Off-the-Job Training means is the vice versa of on-the-job training, that is not given during the job. They are normally specify for managerial posts not for ordinary employees.Apprenticeship training in which the employees are adroit by the coordination of classroom instructions and on-the-job trai ning.Informal l pull aheading is that the most of the labor gains knowledge by informal means during their job.Effective lectures are given in HBL bank routinely to make their employees efficient to perform their tasks in an effective way.Performance Management**********************************It is the responsibility of the human resource management to prepare the procedures for performance management.Performance Management is used to equation the employees current and past performance in perspective of performance standards.HBL bank is also focusing in this area in this manner that they also check the performance of their employees on the routine basis.They also award rewards and bonuses to the employees, if they perform their given tasks in an effective manner.Compensation********************Compensations are salaries, wages, rewards, and bonuses which are given to the employees by the organization for performing their tasks in an effective manner.HBL bank compensates to its emp loyees in two perspectivesDirect Financial PaymentsIndirect Financial PaymentsIn the direct financial payment the HBL pays directly to the employees their salaries, wages, rewards, and bonuses in cash.In the indirect financial payments they do not give cash directly, but in the way of services e.g., medical, insurance, residence, car fuel etc.Employee Relation*************************Employee Relations is to produce employee relationship among the employee and employer, and managers.To build employee relation the HBL provides two facilitiesThey build employee relationship by interpersonal communication between employees.The second one is that they perform to solve the conflicts between employees and to build strong employee relations between them.finance************Finance basically performs two types of tasksFirst is the collection of superiorSecond one is allocation of FinanceIn the first category, the finance managers collect Capital from the investors or creditors.HBL bank is b asically a commercial bank, so it collects cash from creditors who deposit their money in banks.After the collection of capital, the next step which is taken by the finance manager is where they invest this capital to earn profit.In HBL bank they lends their deposits to the borrowers, who may be common person or also taken by the industries to meet their expenditures. HBL bank invests their deposits in these categoriesrailway car FinancePersonal LoansFlexi LoansHousing LoansNew Jubilee Life Insurance************************************HBL also combines them with NJI Life Insurance to launch two more products in markets.AmaanTabeerAmaan is the service provided by HBL bank to those persons who are retired from their jobs. Basically it is retirement focus insurance which introduces you with the services to meet your desires or dreams e.g., to purchase a new car, to go for world tour etc.Tabeer is the service, which is provided by the HBL bank to secure your childs future in education a nd marriage needs.Service Quality Department************************************The service quality department is used to improve and differentiate our business in the market with our services that we provide to our customers.In todays world it is very heavy to establish an image of your organization in the market easily. This is because of the changing habits of peoples in our environment.The changeness in the peoples behavior is also affected by his family, culture, background and many other things.Thus in order to improve company skills in this department the HBL bank is providing some facilities, which are as underStaff serviceDress Code observanceMystery shoppersCustomer service recognition programsService crisis ManagementSuggestions******************The HBL banking online banking is charging some cost. The advice is that in order to improve his customer services, they must reduce their costs on online banking.HBL introduces first time the Tele-banking service for their custo mers. But my speck is that when the customer use the Tele-banking service, the answer which he/she receives mostly that the operator is busy, please wait for sometime. HBL bank must have to take steps to improve their Tele-banking service sector.HBL introduces the college recruitment in his bank to get the latest pool of candidates available in the market. But my suggestion is that they must have to improve this service, because the process method of college recruitment is too slow.The HBL bank progress process is too slow, because they give fewer opportunities to employees to decease in their jobs. My suggestion is that HBL bank must have to change his promotion policies otherwise they lose employee satisfaction in their company.The another problem which the customer are facing, that their most ATM machines networks are not working properly. So they must have to repair their network services or to alternate the ATM machines.

Online Auctions For Everyone On Ebay Business Essay

Online Auctions For E touchableone On Ebay channel EssayEBay was launched in 1995 as an online platform that permitted efficient peer-to-peer trading in an auction format. (Daniels, John D., Radebaugh,Lee H., Sullivan, Daniel P., 2007) The online auction site provided a space on the mesh for raft to buy, sell, and trade whatever multitude of items from almost any category imaginable. As for the business itself, the beauty of it is that eBay has no inventory, storage, transportation or production costs associated with their product. The product is simply providing the environment on the mesh for stack to auction their goods. The concept flowerpot be thought of such(prenominal) like an electronic garage or yard changes event where for a atrophied fee, people can post their items on eBay. The selling impairment for items posted is totally up to the person and ebay just obtains a small percentage of the selling determine after the auction is complete, usuall between 7 and 18 percent. (Daniels, John D., Radebaugh,Lee H., Sullivan, Daniel P., 2007). Therefore, eBays core competency is simply matching emptor and seller together by an online platform.Initially, eBays dodge was to match up buyers and sellers pile up a small fee from each transaction, but the business grew quickly. cardinal reason for the rapid ripening was the fact that eBay was providing an surfacelet for items that were non very merchandiseable by conventional store fronts. Additionally, the internet connect people from all oer, making marketing virtually free. By 1999, eBays net revenues grew to $225 one million million and continued to stick to 3.2 billion dollars by 2004. (Daniels, John D., Radebaugh,Lee H., Sullivan, Daniel P., 2007) Up to this vizor most of the registered users of eBay resided in the United States but the site was accessed by people all around the globe. The presented eBay with the opportunity to pad globally as a means to increase their economic value drawstring.In allege to comply with their attach to vision of creating the worlds largest global trading community and to help people trade, eBay had to expand into the global market by understanding and embracing a alter value chain. This meant attracting newly registered users from foreign countries by creating largely independent pastoral subsidiaries. For example, eBay began acquiring companies in foreign countries that were similar auction sites. This allowed eBay not however to gain those customers from the acquired company but benefit from the cultural acceptance of that ill-tempered company. Many of these foreign businesses operated in their native language making it easier for locals to cope business with eBay. In time, eBay would change the names of these companies but not neglect the customers because they adapted the acquired company to the core competency and company vision. This strategy receptive new markets for eBay around the globe.It is important to ree mphasize that eBays value chain is virtual principally because there is no real product associated with their core competency. Value chain refers to the real work a business has to do in order to conceive, design, produce, market, and distribute a product and its support to the consumer. In eBays case, the Internet has circumvented real work for the alternative idea of the virtual value chain. Value is created through virtual networks, rather than through static, internally focuse chains. (Daniels, John D., Radebaugh,Lee H., Sullivan, Daniel P., 2007)Ebays initial strategy baffling matching up buyers and sellers. The final details of a transaction were totally up to the two parties involved and not eBay itself. exaltation and money transfer were the responsibility of the seller. Ebay began looking for for ways to innovate and did so by purchasing the company PayPal which is used to transfer payments between buyers and sellers. Now, not only did eBay provide a medium for customers to conduct auctions, but they withal provided a simple way to complete shipping and payment transactions. Again, this added feature film is virtual in nature. Ebay soundless has no real resource involved but collects a fee on any transaction. Therefore the value chain in increased even more.Ebay began competing with other businesses offering mainstream products for sale on their auction platform. Whereas an auction normally posted an item for sale for a certain amount of time and the highest bidder won, mainstream products would be placed on auction with a reserve and a buy now price applied for those not wanting to wait out the time of the auction. The dusk to this is that if the reserve bid was not met, the item did not sell. Although this strategy is still active, more emphasis is now placed on eBays original strategy. Because individual sellers were overrun by fixed-price retailers they lost interest in the site and buyers began looking elsewhere to search for the less main stream products upon which eBay built its business. In an article titled eBays New Strategy What Was Once Old is New Again, author lusterlessness Pace coined eBays new strategy as, Its out with the new and in with the gray-haired both in terms of corporate strategy and product mix. later failing to compete as a fixed-priced on line retailer with Amazon.com and Walmart, eBay decided to revert back to its original premise of an auction clearinghouse for used goods and collectables. (Matt Pace, 2009)Now that eBay is back to its core competency, what is the way ahead? Profits and growth were beginning to fall based largely on the fact that eBay had not successfully moved into some foreign markets. Because eBays platform relies on internet usage, many emerging economies were handicapped in the fact that most households do not have internet connections. When faced with this problem, eBay saw an opportunity to grow by moving into the telecommunications market. Ebay purchased the company Skype as a means to pass over markets where computer access was limited but communications was not. According to Skype professorship Josh Silverman, communications is no longer just about vox its now multi-modal mood messages, chat, voice calling, multi-party calling, video calling and online screen sharing. Where and how we elapse is expanding to laptops, mobile phones, and flat panel TVs. Any connected computing guile with the addition of software becomes a communication device. Skype continues to add over 350,000 new account registrations per day all around the globe. (Jim Courtney, 2009) According to executives, the synergies of standalone businesses, eBay, PayPal and Skype have the top executive to pursue new market opportunities and capture future growth. Working together, these leash businesses can create entirely new opportunities for innovation and expansion, and redouble the potency of the companys leadership position (eBay-Inc, 2006)Ebay has continued to reenforc e their position in their market by meeting new challenges head on. Tackling problems such as translational software and online security is a top priority. Ebay announced cooperation with Yahoo on phishing and according eBays CEO, Meg Whitman, this will be our core competency over the next 10 years. The balance is tricky, but the company has dipped its toenail in the social networking waters a few times, most recently on Tuesday when Skype partnered with MySpace to become the worlds largest voice network. (Wendy Tanaka, 2007) All of the challenges faced by eBay can be culminated in one small shift in their strategy for the years to come. The initial strategy of providing an environment for buyers and sellers to auction their items has morphed into seeking out new buyers and sellers to use their environment through added values in their value chain.

Atchafalaya: River Control :: essays research papers

The Atchafalaya is the most original basins because it has a ontogeny system with very stable wetlands. It is also the biggest river swamp in pairing America further has lost about 3,760 domain between 1932 and 1990. The discharge of the wetlands is primarily due to erosion, human activities, and natural conversion. Many human activities, much(prenominal) as oil and gas pipelines, have interrupted the movement of commingle and sediment within the wetlands that it is another factor in the loss of acres for the Atchafalaya. But there is not a total loss in this, the Atchafalaya have also positive outlooks on things. The basin consists of more search comp ard to any other natural water system in northbound America. Let alone the production and distribution of tether types of crawfish fix in Atchafalaya. The crawfish is the main fundsmaker for New Orleans fish markets. But the crawfish may only resemble 10-20% of what is caught. Most of it results in bycatch, organisms caugh t in the shrimp nets that are discarded, and the Atchafalaya is seen some times as a floating graveyard of different expired species.Unfortunately, natural delta growth has been hampered by dredging activities along the main navigation channel. Dredge materials have been placed along side the channel, there by choking off the natural give of fresh water and sediment to the marsh. TO solve this problem Atchafalaya sediment projects were designed to restore fresh water and sediment delivery processes to the Atchafalaya delta. Within 20 years, this is expected to create an additional 3,000 acres of wetland habitat.Out of the 50,000 acres of Atchafalaya, three fourths of it is privately owned. The only way this is determined is if the land accretes from the shore of a lake or a bayou, it is the property of an owner. But if the land accretes as an island, the ground owns it making it an imbalance between government and private landowners. Most landowners are not looking at Atchafalaya as a historical landmark, but for what is worth under the waters surface as money value. These wetlands support a 1 billion dollar annual fishery industry, therefore making these wetlands a positive outlook on the commerce opportunities for the Louisiana people. Many fishermen make a living off of the naval species inhabiting the Atchafalaya. But the employment for this occupation is decreasing because of the land loss. Making it rocky for fishermen to understand what is government owned and what is privately owned.